The standard castle design of Nippon was a stone foundation topped with a wood and stucco
superstructure.
The sloping stone walls gave greater stability during earthquakes, a common
occurrence in Nippon.
Gates contained smaller doors called sally
ports that offered greater security when only a small force of samurai were entering or leaving the castle.
The gates were wood, reinforced with iron bands. This was expensive but greatly improved the overall strength of the gate.
Tile roofs were both water and fire proof.
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